Reconditioning of EH oil

A 1200 MW coal-fired thermal power plant using Indo-Chinese turbine EHC system in southern India.

Synopsis
The plant was struggling with the rapid increase in TAN values in the EH oil of the governing system of the turbine.

Reconditioning of EH oil

A 1200 MW coal-fired thermal power plant using Indo-Chinese turbine EHC system in southern India.

Synopsis
The plant was struggling with the rapid increase in TAN values in the EH oil of the governing system of the turbine. Also, the moisture content was more than permissible limits. Degradation of the oil was due to contamination ingression into the system resulting in by-product formation.

Minimac’s EH oil reconditioning system “MLC LVDH TRIX 20” proved to be the savior and an unexpected shutdown of the turbine worth ₹1.05 Cr per day was saved.

Problems
A rapid increase in the Total Acid Number (TAN) could degrade the EH oil and lead to the possibilities of failure of servo valve, hunting, power generation loss, unplanned shutdown, etc

Oil analysis was done to check the properties of EH oil like moisture, NAS value, total acid number.

Solutions
Installation of Minimac’s EH oil reconditioning system “MLC LVDH TRIX 20” comprehensively designed with 4 major technologies to:

Remove solid contamination from oil by Superfine filtration

Remove moisture from oil by vacuum Dehydration technology

Reduce Total Acid Number (TAN) by Ion exchange technique.

EHC system tank moisture removal and ingress prevention by Inert Gas blanketing technique.

Along with equipment installation, our service engineer trained the customer’s team on the functions of the EH oil re-conditioner, FRF maintenance, contamination control, and importance of the oil analysis program.

Cost Saving
This plant managed to save:

Cost of oil replacement: ₹60 Lakh approx.
Cost of downtime: ₹4.2 Cr approx
CO2 e Saving
14,400 kg of CO2 e / 0.0144 gigagrams of CO2 e

Benefits
Extending oil life.
Eliminate oil Replacement cost.
Protect Turbine against hunting.
Increased Turbine reliability.

The below graph shows the trend analysis of tracked values during the reconditioning of EH oil at Unit #2

Total Consumable Details
Filter - 01 qty of 10 - microns
Filter - 01 qty of 3 - microns to achieve NAS 5 cleanliness
Total resin - 60 liters

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苦瓜胜肽的作用有哪些？專利技術的苦瓜胜肽是否更優？選購苦瓜胜肽的5大要點
對許多人來說，苦瓜是個避之不及的食物，但苦瓜胜肽卻風靡保健食品市場！因具有調節生理機能的功效，苦瓜胜肽愈來愈受人注目。特 苦瓜胜肽 別是那些擁有維持平衡專利的苦瓜胜肽，被認為有助於維持正常代謝，吸引了不少人嘗試。本文將介紹苦瓜胜肽的效用、食用方法及挑選要點，並羅列目前市場上7個受歡迎的品牌，助您找到最適合的苦瓜胜肽！
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苦瓜胜肽的主要功效？是否有助於維持正常代謝？
苦瓜胜肽的主要作用包括促進新陳代謝、調節生理機能及調整體質，幫助維持健康。最近，苦瓜胜肽在幫助保持體質平衡方面的功效也獲得了 苦瓜胜肽 廣泛關注。市售產品通常還添加鉻成分，幫助正常代謝醣類。
如何食用苦瓜胜肽？食用多久可見效 苦瓜胜肽 果？哪些人不適合食用苦瓜胜肽？
建議在飯前食用苦瓜胜肽，配合冷溫開水飲用。為了達到最佳效果，建議長期服用三個月以上，並配合飲食和生活習慣的調整來促進體質轉變。若您有特殊體質或正在服用藥物，建議先咨詢主治醫師。
如何挑選苦瓜胜 苦瓜胜肽品牌推薦 肽保健品？5大選購要點
#1. 苦瓜胜肽 留意苦瓜胜肽種類
選擇苦瓜胜肽時，應考慮其種類。與白苦瓜相比，山苦瓜含有更多的活性成分。若能配合低溫水萃技術，保留更完整的關鍵成分，這樣的苦瓜胜肽更適合作為健康保養品。
#2. 使用具有專利及醫學實證的苦瓜胜肽
在飲食 苦瓜胜肽 和生活習慣之外補充苦瓜胜肽，通常有著調節生理機能的目的。選擇擁有穩定平衡專利的苦瓜胜肽，有助於保證其功效。
#3 苦瓜胜肽推薦 . 穩定成分及複方成分
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PE fluid reconditioning in turbine EHC system

A 1,320 MW (2 x 660 MW), one of the first and largest supercritical coal-fired power plants using Indo-Chinese turbine EHC system in northern India

Synopsis
The plant was struggling with the rapid increase

PE fluid reconditioning in turbine EHC system

A 1,320 MW (2 x 660 MW), one of the first and largest supercritical coal-fired power plants using Indo-Chinese turbine EHC system in northern India

Synopsis
The plant was struggling with the rapid increase in TAN values in the EH oil of the governing system of the turbine. Moisture content was also more than permissible limits. Degradation of the oil was due to contamination ingression into the system resulting in by-product formation.

Minimac’s EH oil reconditioning system “MLC LVDH TRIX 20” acted as a savior for the plant and as a result the unexpected shutdown of the turbine worth ₹1.4 Cr per day was saved.

Problems
Degradation of EH oil properties at both the units of the plant.

The installed regeneration system for each EHGC tank of unit #1 and #2 was failing to control neutralization number (TAN value) and showing a rapid increase in the same

The company was unaware of the consequences of increased TAN values like possibilities of failure of servo valve, hunting, power generation loss, unplanned shutdown, etc

Solutions
Installation of Minimac’s EH oil reconditioning system “MLC LVDH TRIX 20” comprehensively designed with 4 major technologies to:

Remove solid contamination from oil by Superfine filtration

Remove moisture from oil by vacuum Dehydration technology

Reduce Total Acid Number (TAN) by Ion exchange technique.

EHC system tank moisture removal and ingress prevention by Inert Gas blanketing technique.

Along with equipment installation, our service engineer trained the customer’s team on the functions of the EH oil re-conditioner, FRF maintenance, contamination control, and importance of the oil analysis program.

Cost Saving
This plant managed to save:

Cost of oil replacement: ₹78 Lakh approx.
Cost of downtime: ₹5.6 Cr approx

CO2 e Saving
14,400 kg of CO2 e / 0.0144 gigagrams of CO2 e.

Benefits
Extending oil life.
Eliminate oil Replacement cost.
Protect Turbine against hunting.
Increased Turbine reliability.

for more information check our website - www.minimacsystems.com

Reconditioning of EH oil

A 1200 MW coal-fired thermal power plant using Indo-Chinese turbine EHC system in southern India.

Synopsis
The plant was struggling with the rapid increase in TAN values in the EH oil of the governing system of the turbine.

Reconditioning of EH oil

A 1200 MW coal-fired thermal power plant using Indo-Chinese turbine EHC system in southern India.

Synopsis
The plant was struggling with the rapid increase in TAN values in the EH oil of the governing system of the turbine. Also, the moisture content was more than permissible limits. Degradation of the oil was due to contamination ingression into the system resulting in by-product formation.

Minimac’s EH oil reconditioning system “MLC LVDH TRIX 20” proved to be the savior and an unexpected shutdown of the turbine worth ₹1.05 Cr per day was saved.

Problems
A rapid increase in the Total Acid Number (TAN) could degrade the EH oil and lead to the possibilities of failure of servo valve, hunting, power generation loss, unplanned shutdown, etc

Oil analysis was done to check the properties of EH oil like moisture, NAS value, total acid number.

Solutions
Installation of Minimac’s EH oil reconditioning system “MLC LVDH TRIX 20” comprehensively designed with 4 major technologies to:

Remove solid contamination from oil by Superfine filtration

Remove moisture from oil by vacuum Dehydration technology

Reduce Total Acid Number (TAN) by Ion exchange technique.

EHC system tank moisture removal and ingress prevention by Inert Gas blanketing technique.

Along with equipment installation, our service engineer trained the customer’s team on the functions of the EH oil re-conditioner, FRF maintenance, contamination control, and importance of the oil analysis program.

Cost Saving
This plant managed to save:

Cost of oil replacement: ₹60 Lakh approx.
Cost of downtime: ₹4.2 Cr approx
CO2 e Saving
14,400 kg of CO2 e / 0.0144 gigagrams of CO2 e

Benefits
Extending oil life.
Eliminate oil Replacement cost.
Protect Turbine against hunting.
Increased Turbine reliability.

The below graph shows the trend analysis of tracked values during the reconditioning of EH oil at Unit #2

Total Consumable Details
Filter - 01 qty of 10 - microns
Filter - 01 qty of 3 - microns to achieve NAS 5 cleanliness
Total resin - 60 liters

Visit our website - minimacsystems.com

Field inspection

1) Visual Inspection of Oil in a Sample Bottle:
Colour: wrong or mixed oil, photo-catalytic reaction, oxidation and thermal degradation, soot, chemical contamination
Emulsions and Cloudiness: haze to buttermilk, cuff, stable or

Field inspection

1) Visual Inspection of Oil in a Sample Bottle:
Colour: wrong or mixed oil, photo-catalytic reaction, oxidation and thermal degradation, soot, chemical contamination
Emulsions and Cloudiness: haze to buttermilk, cuff, stable or unstable, additive floc, salt, air, glycol
Free Water: colour, speed of separation, level
Sediments – colour: amber, black, translucent, settling rate, density and particle size, laser through the bottle
2) Using Oil Colour as a Field Test:
You can check the colour of the oil sample with the help of an oil change colour gauge by using glass or PET plastic bottles
Without a gauge, you can compare the sample with a new oil sample and observe the colour, if you find that colour of the oil is milky or dark, then check the contamination & moisture in oil with the help of an Oil testing kit
3) Moisture Detection by Vision:
Visual inspection
Transparent container
Use comparators and good lighting, laser pointer is also effective
Hazy to milky appearance may indicate water emulsion
4) Routine Inspection of Sight Glasses in Oil Analysis:
Change in oil level – up or down, sudden and significant changes are serious
Sight glass foaming
Oil colour, darkening, turbidity, etc.
BS& W bowl shows oxidised oil
Use a blue pen-light for checking the oil level and quality insight glasses
5) Other Audible Inspection:
Gearing – A singing gear is a happy gear, usually, it means it is one that is hitting
Hydraulics – High metallic sounds from pumps means there is water in oils
Marbles on the tin roof mean cavitation
6) Using your Sense of Touch:
Lube: Oils should feel slippery, not clingy. Greases should feel buttery, not stringy or lumpy
- Grease consistency can be estimated manually with a butter knife, you can tell the difference between #2 and #3
Contaminants – Sludge: hard, pasty, sticky
- Particles / Sediments
- Filter debris
7) Using Oil Odour as a Field Test:
Purpose quickly detect odour – Producing changes in an oil’s chemistry and constituents. For best results with scenting, use comparators for examples, bottles of new oil, oxidised oil, burnt oil, diesel contaminated oil, etc.

Also read: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-inventory-management-anshuman-agrawal-mlt-1-/

Minimac focuses on lubrication reliability and contamination control - Doctor's for your machine!

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Control System Of Turbine - Failure & Maintenance

Control System
The turbine control system describes the control over the opening of control valves corresponding to demand signals, and steam flows into the turbine with the help of a governing system

Control System Of Turbine - Failure & Maintenance

Control System
The turbine control system describes the control over the opening of control valves corresponding to demand signals, and steam flows into the turbine with the help of a governing system that facilitates the operation of the turbo set in an interconnected grid system.

Governing system is responsible for various function such as speed & load control functions, the start-up/shut-down controls, the over-speed control, turbine stress calculation, to control the initial run-up and synchronization of the Unit, to assists in matching the power generated to that demanded by responding to system frequency changes, to regulate the steam control valves position (and hence the load generated)in response to signal from the operator or from the load dispatch Centre, to restrict the speed rise within acceptable limits should the unit get disconnected (islanding) from the lgridoad and some protective trip functions.

With continuous research and developments in modern turbine technology, the following three types of governing system are mainly available nowadays in power plants:

1. Hydraulic: Hydraulic governors have only a speed controller loop. Machine speed is measured and indicated as a primary oil measure. Speed transducer is a centrifugal pump whose discharge pressure is a function of machine speed. This signal is sent to a hydraulic converter, to generate a high-power hydraulic signal for the operation of different control valves. The range of speed control is 2790-3210 rpm. Its speed regulation range (droop)is 7%. HG (typically) cannot be isolated mechanically like EHG.

2. Electrohydraulic: This consists of three control loop speed, load, and pressure. Speed Electronic Transducer is used for measuring the machine speed. This signal is processed electronically and then sent to an Electrohydraulic converter (E-H) for converting the electronic signals into proportional hydraulic signals (I-P converter) for the operation of control valves. It gives a faster response and precise frequency control. The range of speed control is wider (0 – 3210 rpm). Its speed regulation(droop) is 5%.EHG can be mechanically isolated by closing the secondary oil line from the local.

Major devices/component of the above Governing system are:

Remote trip solenoid
Turbine trip gear (main trip valve)
Starting and load limiting devices
Speeder gear
Auxiliary follow-up piston
Follow up piston
Hydraulic amplifier
Electro-Hydraulic convertor
Sequence trimming device
Solenoid for load shedding relay

Block Diagram of EH Governing system

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Oil Lube Flow In The Circuit:
Control Oil: Oil is taken from the AOP/MOP discharge header for the governing system.
Trip/Aux Trip Oil: These two oil circuits are established through main trip valves under reset condition.
Start-Up/Aux Start-Up Oil: These two oil circuits are established to peak pressure through starting device at 0% position and pressure started reducing when the position of the starting device is raised.
Aux Secondary Oil: This oil circuit is the output of the hydraulic governor and input to the hydraulic converter.
Secondary Oil: Output to Hydraulic and Electrohydraulic converter.
Test Oil: This oil circuit is established to test over speed trip device when the turbine is running at rated speed.
Remote trip Solenoid Valves: These are two in nos. and when any turbine trip gets initiated, the solenoids get energized& control oil gets drained through the valves and trips the MTV.
Main Trip Valve: These are two in nos. and called the main trip gear. All the turbine tripping take place through this device under non-trip condition establishes trip & aux trip oil and used for resetting/opening the stop valves and producing HP/IP secondary oil.
Starting device: this device is used for resetting and opening the stop valves and, main trip valves &hydraulic trip devices. this device either be operated manually by handwheel or from remote (MCR) through a motorized actuator.
Speeder gear: This device in combination with starting device forms a hydraulic governor and provides an input hydraulic signal to the hydraulic converter. this device either be operated manually by hand wheel or from remote (MCR) through a motorized actuator.
Hydraulic/Electro-hydraulic converter: amplifies & converts hydraulic /electrical signals to hydraulic signals (HP/IP secondary oil) for the operation of the HP/IP control valve.
Hydraulic trip devices: These devices provide mandatory protections of the turbine by draining aux trip oil. these devices are reset by aux start-up oil.
3.Digital Electrohydraulic: The main function of the DEH control system is to control before starting up (auto judging very hot, hot, warm or cold state), auto-adjusting servo system static relation, turbine latching, speed and load control, protection, supervising and communication. It consists of electronic parts and EH system which controls the speed/load through controlling the openness of all valves. The feature of special controlling on IP start-up mode (HP casing switchover and isolating of HP casing) can perform quick start-up and stable running for a long time with low load at all phases.

This is a modern high-pressure (110 to 180 bar) governing system.

Let’s know how it works. The electrical measuring and processing of signals offer advantages such as flexibility, dynamic stability and simple representation of the complicated functional relationship. The processed electrical signal is introduced at a suitable point in the hydraulic circuit through the electro-hydraulic converter. The hydraulic controls provide the advantages of continuous control of large positioning forces for control valves. The integration of electrical and hydraulic system offers the following advantages:

Exact load frequency droop with high sensitivity
Reliable operation in case of isolation from power grids
Dependable control during load rejection
Low transient and low steady-state speed deviations under all operational conditions
Excellent operational reliability and dependability
Safe operation of the turbo-set in conjunction with the Turbine Stress Evaluator (TSE)/Controller (TSC)
Operating Method Of DEH Governing:
The stop valve for HP/IP will open by the HP fire-resistant oil when the dump valve is closed
The dump valve will close when the trip oil is under pressure
The trip oil is under pressure when the trip solenoid (5,6,7,8 YV placed on the trip block) valve is in a de-energized position and the HP Trip oil header is under pressure
The oil will enter the bottom of the piston through the isolating valve (Supply sol.). Thus, the stop valve opens slowly against the spring force.
In case of a trip, the trip solenoid valves are energized and AST valves de-energize and HP trip oil header is de-pressurized and thus dump valve open to connect the bottom and top ports to drain the oil to LP accumulators
The valve quickly closes due to spring force
After the unit is reset and HP trip oil is formed
The trip solenoid valve is de-energized conditions will give pressurized oil to the dump valve to keep it closed
Pressurized Oil is up to the EH servo valve
The EH Servo valve based on the DEH valve command signal and valve position feedback signal from LVDT will connect the HP Fire resistant oil to the lower part of the piston or lower port to the drain till the matching is achieved
In the case of Trip, the dump valve opens due to energization of the trip solenoid or depressurization of the HP trip fluid header. The dump valve opening leads to the control valve quick closing due to spring force.
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Type Of Control System Loops:
The EHG function consists of mainly following control loops:

1.Speed control loop: In this loop, the speed controller essentially compares the speed reference generated by the speed reference limiter circuit and the actual speed of the turbine and accordingly provides an output for the valve lift controller. This loop only determines the control valve position to adjust turbine speed at setting value before the generator is paralleled to the power system. 2.Power control loop: The task performed in the speed control loop is then transferred to the power control loop or the MSP control loop after synchronization with the system. The steam turbine shall be controlled on this MW-control mode normally. In the event of a drop of grid frequency, the governor valves shall open instantaneously to provide frequency support in the form of additional MW. When the main steam pressure (MSP) control mode is an operation, this MW-controller is tracking to the main steam pressure (MSP) controller. 3.Turbine inlet steam pressure (MSP) control loop: MSP mode (Turbine Follow mode) of operation results in the governing system modulating the steam flow to regulate the steam pressure at a fixed value. The control system shall switch automatically to this mode when faults occur which prevent normal control of the boiler. MSP mode will take over following a drop-in steam pressure of 10% or an increase in pressure of 3%. It shall be possible to manually switch to this mode. When the power control mode is an operation, this steam pressure controller is tracking to the power controller. 4.Steam pressure Limiter control loop: The pressure limiter shall override the governor and progressively reduce the steam flow to the turbine as the steam pressure before the HP steam turbine governing valves drops below a predetermined value in order to limit serve drops in steam temperature. 5.Condenser Vacuum Limiter control loop: This limiting controller shall override the governor and progressively reduce the steam flow to the turbine as the condenser vacuum falls over a predetermined range in an effort to maintain the condenser vacuum at this value. The setting shall be adjustable. It shall be possible to override the device during vacuum raising and it shall not come into operation below 1000 rpm. 6.Control valve (CV) position control loop: An output from the above loops is given to the CV position control loop as its setting. Consequently, it adjusts the CV position in accordance with its characteristic curves respectively. This portion outputs the opening command to the Electro-hydraulic (E/H) converter mounted on each CV separately. Due to each E/H converter having two magnet coils, two separate signal (±10V) lines are connected to them.

Valve Comprised In The EHG Circuit:
Turbine speed control, load control, load shedding relay control and emergency control are carried out by open and close action of each:

Main Steam Stop Valve (MSSV)
Main Steam Control Valve (MSCV)
Reheat Steam Stop Valve (RSSV)
Reheat Steam Control Valve (RSCV)
Most of the failure-to-trip conditions can be attributed to five basic problems.
Steam deposits on the valve stem (or stems)
Lubrication deposits (i.e., soaps, dirt, detergents, etc.) in the top works of the valve exposed to the elements
Mechanical failures of the valve resulting from bent stems, either in the valve proper or the upper works, damaged split couplings, etc., all within about a 6" area near the centre of the valve mechanism
Galling of the piston in the hydraulic latch cylinder
Jamming of the screw spindle in the larger cylinder-type valve design due to forcing by operations personnel
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Servo And Proportional Control Valves:
Failures of control valves have resulted in a very expensive loss of production and downtime to many energy generation companies. This led to the increasing use of servo and proportional control valves in modern hydraulic control systems. These devices are inherently at the critical stage of controlling the generating process and quality of the end product.

The most critical factor of their failures is the contamination of the hydraulic fluid with regard to cleanliness and chemical composition like water content and various forms of break down that can occur due to chemical contamination, excessive heat or working of the fluid, inappropriate filters for the valve etc.

To achieve high reliability and asset life for a longer time, it is important to closely evaluate the design of filtration and its effects, components included and circuit layout to achieve the optimum solution. The key system elements are Servo valves and proportional valves, Pumps and motors and Ancillary valves and components.

The types of failure on the basis of contamination can be broadly classified into:

Short term failure: This type of failure comes with no warning which results in an unplanned shutdown of the plant, catastrophic for equipment, production loss. The main causes are jamming of the spool or plugging of the orifice.
Particle Jamming: In this mechanism, contaminant gets lodge in the fine clearances between the spool and body, the particles became wedged in the spool blocking control orifices to cause a ‘hard over’ condition or loss of control pressure. To solve this type of problems by filtration, the size of clearances and driving forces to overcome particles should be considered. This causes permanent damage to control lands of the valve which means expensive repair or replacement with a new one
Silting: Silting refer to a phenomenon where a spool is being held in a fixed position with high pressure across the lands which results in a gradual build-up of fine ‘silt’ particles that can lock the spool within 5-10 minutes. poppet type solenoid valves are used in safety circuits where long stand times can be involved. A conventional solenoid (or the return spring) will not move the spool after 3-5 minutes
Long term failure: This type of failure directly impacts system accuracy and repeatability. It results from the gradual build-up of other ‘varnish’ or silt type contaminant that degrades the control qualities of the valve such as threshold and hysteresis, wear/erosion of valve parts. Long term effects cannot be eliminated, however, by proper design, it is possible to maximise the useful life of the valve before service or repair is required. This requires the effective application of silt level filtration.
Valve Design:
Control system performance, the filtration requirements and likely contamination sensitivity are dependent on how the best valve design is selected. Design goals should be balanced with component details, component costs and overall system costs. A good understanding of how and why the valve works will provide maximum benefits to the overall design solution. There are three principal areas to be considered for the best designing of a valve:

Internal forces: Understanding the forces within the valve that provide for correct operation and those that resist operation, is most valuable for understanding optimal filtration requirements. Forces determine both short term and long-term performance for contamination sensitivity and threshold/resolution.
Spool position control: For both servo valves and proportional valves the spool is capable of being positioned anywhere over its total designed stroke. How the spool is moved and held in that position will have a direct influence on the cost of manufacture, system accuracy and contamination sensitivity. Three methods used are
Open-loop or non-feedback
Mechanical feedback (MFB)
Electrical feedback (EFB)
Design tolerances: Finer tolerances will be more susceptible to wear and the potential for particle jamming. They will be an important factor for the evaluation of either servo valves or proportional valves with regard to filtration design. For both short and long term functionalities below are few manufacturing objectives such as:
Nozzle diameters and exit clearances
Spool diametral clearance
Spool travel - from 0.250mm for high-performance servo valves to 5-10mm for proportional valves. A shorter stroke means faster response, but finer manufacturing tolerances.
Spool control land overlap - which ranges from 10-20% overlap proportional valves to ‘axis cut’ (zero overlaps) servo valves which require special protection of the lands to maintain performance. Zero overlap valves are used in the pilot section of some proportional valves so that protection requirements can be similar for parts of servo valves and proportional valves.
Control Oil - Fire Resistant Fluid (FRF):
A fire-resistant control fluid (FRF) is used in control and governing systems. The use of fire-resistant control fluid for turbine control and protection systems reduces the risk of fire. This is due to the higher ignition temperature (compared to mineral oil) in case of leaks.

It shall not cause corrosion to Steel, Copper and its alloys, Zinc, Tin or Aluminium (compatibility to be checked)
It shall be continuously regenerated with Fuller’s earth, ICB resins or an equivalent regeneration agent
It must not cause any erosion or corrosion on the edges of the control elements
It must be shear-stable. It should not contain any viscosity index improver
FRF leaking from the system, if any, must not ignite or burn in contact with hot surfaces (up to 550 degrees C)
It must be capable of withstanding continuous operating temperatures of 75 °C without physical or chemical degradation
It must be miscible with traces (max. 3 % by vol.) of TXP of another brand (without deterioration)
The air release of the FRF should not deteriorate in presence of Fluoroelastomer seals and packing used in the FRF system
It must be free of ortho-cresol compounds
It must not pose a safety or health hazard to the persons working with it, provided that the requisite hygiene regulations are observed
Contamination In FRF/Degradation Of Phosphate Ester
Though Phosphate ester fluid is designed for the long life of service of around 20 years if maintained properly, However, contamination or abuse in the oil because of poorly lubrication practices can degrade the oil life and reliability of the machine. Fluid degradation results in sticking valves, eroded servo valves, plugged filters and/or blocked servo valve strainers. The major contaminant or factor of oil degradation are described below:

Water Contamination
This is the most common and dangerous contaminant which frequently dictates the service life of FRF fluid. Phosphate ester has the tendency to hydrolyze which means breaking down into acid and alcohol and this process accelerates with increasing temperature and is catalyzed by the presence of strong acids and some metals.

Acid formation
Uncontrolled generation of acidic products is harmful to the life and performance of phosphate esters. strong acids are also chemically reactive and can form metal soaps or salts which adversely affect foaming and volume resistivity, the latter being used to assess the potential for servo-valve erosion. This soaps precipitates in servo valves and cause stickiness.

Lowering of Resistivity
Resistivity is a critical performance indicator for phosphate ester fluid quality. Low resistivity values are associated with electrokinetic wear, a very common failure mechanism of servo (MOOG) valves.

Solid Contamination
This particulate contamination is responsible for fluid darkening and is generally produced from micro-dieseling, which is a type of high-temperature fluid breakdown caused by air release issues. Solid contaminants of more than (>4) micron are measured by ISO4460 but less than (4) microns are not being detected. On investigation, 90% of total solid contamination in EHC fluids is below 4 microns which results in plugged filters, blocked servo valve strainers.

Oxidation degradation
Oxidation the most dangerous process which occurs due to contamination gives output in the form of heat. Oxidative degradation results in the production of a range of strong and weak acids and from very low molecular weight hydrocarbons that may plate out as varnish to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons or polyphosphates present as sludge that can increase fluid viscosity and reduce resistivity while blocking filters and causing valve sticking. External sources such as a steam line, hot/molten metal or a welding torch located close to the hydraulic line provide heat to the fluid. The difference between internal ‘hot spots’ is that it occurs when the fluid is in circulation (except for the fluid being heated up in the tank) and external heat sources occur when the fluid is static.

Aeration (Thermal Stability and Pyrolysis)
The presence of a small amount of dissolved oxygen will result in degradation at lower temperatures - particularly in the presence of metals - and apparent changes in the physical/chemical properties of the fluid may be due to oxidation rather than pure thermal breakdown.

Maintenance Of FRF Fluid:
The fluid is pressurized, subjected to elevated temperatures, flows through fine clearances and is exposed to contaminants including water, dirt and air. Its maintenance should be focused on Keeping the fluid dry, clean and purified, checking material compatibility issues and employ regular fluid condition monitoring, following the guidelines for handling control fluid and for treatment of control fluid systems, Preservative Agents in Control Fluid System, precautions to Ensure Compatibility of the Control Fluid with other Materials, the procedure for sampling and analysis programs. Below is a chart summing up the maintenance properties:

Purification:
Ion Exchange System
Ion exchange resins have become a preferred form of treatment for fire-resistant fluids used in EHC systems. This treatment has overcome the practice of the fuller’s earth to control acidity generation in a "synthetic" fluid. Weak Base Anionic (WBA) resin in the hydroxide form could quickly reduce the acidity while a strong acid cationic resin (SAC) would, surprisingly, reduce the metal soap content. In order to reduce the amount of water released by the resins, they were dried at 80°C to a level of ~5% before use as a mixture in the existing filter housing. Over a period of about 1-2 months, the properties of the fluid returned to close to those of the new fluid. The below table shows function of commercially available type resin:

The followings points should be considered for the sampling of FRF oil:

Always perform sampling at the same location directly from the system
Recirculate the fire-resistant fluid long enough prior to sampling to avoid settling and give a homogeneous sample
Always perform sampling while the FRF system is in operation
Flush the sampling point prior to sampling by draining about 10 litres of fire-resistant fluid into a clean receptacle; return this into the system after sampling
Allow about 10 litres of fire-resistant fluid to pass through the sampling point before performing sampling by filling the fire-resistant fluid directly into the cleaned ground-glass flask
Do not use aids such as syringes or beakers
Always put identification-mark on the specimens uniquely and durably
Complete the sampling records and send them to the analyzing laboratory together with the FRF sample
Now we are showcasing our solutions and how they helped companies to achieve reliability in turbine maintenance, uptime in maintenance goals and uninterrupted power generation:

Check out the FRF Reconditioning System: Click Here
Minimac's Case Studies Of Reconditioning Of FRF
Case Study 1: A power plant in Northern India using Indo-Japanese Technology Turbine EHC System. The Power plant shows their awareness towards Lubrication Reliability through Reclamation of oil and with their proactiveness, managed to save the downtime values of 1.05 CR approx. Below the graph is a trend analysis of tracked parameter:

Case Study 2: India's first and largest supercritical coal-fired power plant in the private sector. This company avoided the breakdown of the Power Plant by following practices of reconditioning of oil. The below graphs show the trend analysis of TAN and NAS values tracked during the recondition of EH oil at Unit #1 and Unit #2 where Moisture level was also tracked & kept within the permissible limit.


Read in detail - Article

Case Study 3: A power plant in the coastal region of India was facing a high increase in the TAN, Moisture and ISO/ NAS due to which the plant has also faced breakdown and loss in power generation. To control the values in the permissible limits, an external Reconditioning system was equipped followed by a proper oil analysis program.

The below chart is showing the trend of a decrease in the values with continuous cycling of EH Oil.

Read the full Article

Conclusion:
The performance of Hydraulic system plays a vital role in the power generation and for its high-performance many factors must be considered importantly like understanding the valve design, setting & maintaining cleanliness objective, regular monitoring, the adaption of effective purification or filtration methods, monitoring of filter quality and replacement elements etc. Good filtration will always give the lowest machine running cost and greatest reliability for the end-user of hydraulic systems. Below are the major benefits of reconditioning of oil:

Extend oil life
Increased machine reliability
Reduced environmental contamination
Cost-saving on oils replacement
Time and effort saved for oil change out
Decreased waste disposal cost
Low carbon emission
Sustainable development
Call +91 7030901267 & speak to our Technical Experts and save Maintenance Cost.

Author: Mr Yogesh Kumar is a Mechanical Engineer with vast working experience of 11 years in Power plants. He has completed PGDC in Thermal Power Plant Engineering from NPTI. He is a certified Machinery Lubrication Analysis (MLA II) from the International Council of Machinery Lubrication (ICML), Vibration Analyst Level II from MOBIUS Australia, ISNT certified NDT Level II professional in RT, UT, DPT, MPI, BOE (Boiler Operation Engineer) Certification.

Co-Author: Ms Preeti Prasad is a Chemical Engineer with working experience in Refinery and various other sectors in connection with Lubrication Consultancy. She is a certified Machinery Lubrication Technician (MTL I) from the International Council of Machinery Lubrication (ICML).

Reference Taken:
Contamination Control - A Hydraulic OEM Perspective: Workshop on Total Contamination Control Centre for Machine Condition Monitoring Monash University, August 1997.
ASTM Paper on IX treatment, Whitepapers on Phosphate Ester from EPT clean
National Power Training Institute
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Best google ads agency

Our updated roster highlights the top ten specialized Google Ads agencies in India, showcasing industry leaders in delivering exceptional Google Ads services. Securing the coveted #1 spot is XtremeAds.in, renowned for its prowess

Best google ads agency

Our updated roster highlights the top ten specialized Google Ads agencies in India, showcasing industry leaders in delivering exceptional Google Ads services. Securing the coveted #1 spot is XtremeAds.in, renowned for its prowess in maximizing advertising impact through Google Ads. Following closely at #2 is Disruptive Advertising, celebrated for its innovative approach to digital marketing strategies. Alpha Media claims the #3 position, excelling in crafting tailored Google Ads solutions for diverse business needs.

Website - https://xtremeads.in/top-10-google-ads-agencies-in-india/

Address - E 227, 3rd Floor, E Block, Sector 63, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301

Phone: +919654499552, 9899777422

Top 10 Instagram Content Ideas 2023

Are you confused to post on Instagram? These top 10 Instagram content ideas 2023 will help you to post as per your experienced and keep followers engaged.
All you can find when you go through your camera roll for

Top 10 Instagram Content Ideas 2023

Are you confused to post on Instagram? These top 10 Instagram content ideas 2023 will help you to post as per your experienced and keep followers engaged.
All you can find when you go through your camera roll for anything at all are roughly one million pictures of your dog, cat, baby, or food. Not exactly the type of content that inspires on Instagram!
Instagram Content Ideas #1: A Tutorial:
Instagram Content Idea #2: Inspire Your Followers to Get Outside and Get Moving:
Instagram Content Ideas #3: Your Favorite Holiday:
Instagram Content Idea #4: Flatlay What’s in Your Bag:
Instagram Content Ideas #5: Your Morning Routine:
Instagram Content Idea #6: What You Had for Breakfast:
Instagram Content Ideas #7: Your Work-From-Home Situation:
Instagram Content Idea #8: Your Outfit:
Instagram Content Idea #9: Your Flavor of the Month:
Instagram Content Ideas #10: Design a Cocktail That your Brand Would Drink:

Visit:
https://arisen.in/instagram-content-ideas/

#instagram #instagramcontent #contentideas #instagramreels

How to Fix "Printer Driver is Not Available" Error

On occasion, printing documents from a Windows PC will result in the error "Printer Driver is Unavailable." Although it can happen with printers from other companies as well, this kind of problem

How to Fix "Printer Driver is Not Available" Error

On occasion, printing documents from a Windows PC will result in the error "Printer Driver is Unavailable." Although it can happen with printers from other companies as well, this kind of problem affects HP printers pretty frequently. Users of Epson printers, for instance, frequently report receiving the error message "Epson printer driver is unavailable." What then should you do if you run into this specific issue? This article contains the information. After following the instructions below, if the problem persists, call the nearest A1 Printer Repair Center in the USA.

What does the absence of a printer's driver mean?

When you found printer driver issue, what does it actually mean? This often means that your printer and computer are unable to communicate effectively due to a specific driver issue. On occasion, the driver software for the Windows OS will display a status for this problem.

When a printer driver needs to be updated, is corrupt, or needs fresh Windows updates, this problem frequently arises. But malfunctioning and incompatible printer drivers are typically to blame for this problem.

How Can I Fix the Error "Printer Driver Unavailable"?

Despite replacing the ink cartridges in your printer, you won't be able to print due to a printer driver not available problem. Furthermore, it precludes you from ever using comparable capabilities like copy and scan. Use one of the below-listed troubleshooting techniques if you run into this problem.
You might want to finish up a few prerequisites before using any approach. They will significantly accelerate and simplify the troubleshooting process. Please be advised that the second requirement will only be required if the first one is unsuccessful.

Change UAC settings as the first need.

In Windows 10, 8, or 7, User Account Control (UAC) will notify you before Windows tries to make any system changes. These types of changes frequently involve user or administrative permissions. You should configure your UAC preferences so that it won't block you from installing the components and printer drivers. By performing the following actions, you can achieve this:

1. Verify that you are the computer's administrator before moving forward.

2. Go to Management Panel > User Accounts to modify the user account control settings.

3. Move the slider to the third position, which is one step below Always Notify and two levels above Never Notify. There is a box with a summary of the scene on the right side. "Notify me only when apps attempt to alter anything on my computer (default)," should appear at the top. Additionally, it should say, "Recommended if you use known apps and visit familiar websites," at the bottom of the box.

4. Press OK.

5. Click Yes if a User Account Control Settings box asks for your permission to enable the program change your device.
Completing the Admin Account Verification is the second requirement.

However, because Windows has included a verification step, the initial requirement might not be necessary. The procedure helps to verify your identification as the Administrator, as the name suggests, and prevents illegal access to your account. It also increases the admin user's control over all machine modifications. To complete this procedure:

1. Verify that you are the Administrator of the computer by logging in before moving forward.

2. Go to Control Panel > User Accounts > Make Changes to My Account in the PC's settings. Click Verify under the Your Info heading.

3. When Windows asks you how you want to get the code, you must respond. Click Next after choosing your email address.

4. Microsoft will deliver the verification code to the specified email address. After you've pasted the code in the proper location, click Next.

5. Once you've validated your account, the verification step won't appear again when you start installing your printer's drivers.

Method #1: Reinstall the drivers for your printer

Your printer's driver has been damaged or has misplaced other important data. If this is the case, you must uninstall any pertinent software from your computer and reinstall the driver. How to execute:

1. Under Control Panel > Hardware and Sound > Device and Printers, choose Device Manager.

2. Click Print queues to open the drop-down menu. Find your printer model on the list, then right-click on the icon. When Windows asks you to confirm the action, click Uninstall after selecting the Uninstall device option.

3. In the computer's Control Panel, click Devices and Printers. Click Remove device in the top right corner of the window after choosing your printer.

4. Reinstall the printer's drivers. Make sure that the installation has all the necessary components.

Method #2: Update your Windows OS

An outdated operating system is another probable cause of the printer's driver not being available issue. If so, installing every available Windows update would be the best line of action to resolve the problem. To update your Windows operating system, adhere to following steps:

1. The Search Bar button adjacent to the Windows Start Menu button is used to access Update.

2. The search bar will display a list of potential outcomes related to your query. Once you have located and selected Windows Update, click the Check for Updates option.

3. Windows will begin seeking for and installing updates as soon as they become available.

4. After it's finished, restart your computer.

5. Print a page from your computer to check for any changes.

Method #3: Only for Plug-and-Play Printers

Do you use a plug-and-play printer? If so, you'll be glad to know that the process is significantly less complicated. To fix the printer driver is not accessible issue, you must.

1. To disconnect means to unplug any cables or wires that link your printer to your computer.

2. Reconnect all of the components, then adhere to the Setup Wizard's detailed instructions.

3. If the Wizard doesn't display, go to Start > Settings > Devices > Add a Printer or Scanner.

4. Windows will begin to list every device that is plugged into your computer. Once it has located your printer, go according to the step-by-step directions displayed on the screen.

You should be able to resolve the Printer Driver is Unavailable problem when it mistakenly occurs by using one of these fixes. You may want to install a trustworthy anti-malware tool on your computer as an extra layer of defense. The kind of program actively detects and removes hazardous objects from your PC to stop this issue and others from happening.

Source :- https://penzu.com/p/5f81198c

The Five Reasons to Choose LeTourDeWorld as Your Travel Agency

Are you looking for the perfect travel agency to make your vacation dreams come true? Look no further than LeTourDeWorld! LeTourDeWorld is the premier travel agency that provides a variety

The Five Reasons to Choose LeTourDeWorld as Your Travel Agency

Are you looking for the perfect travel agency to make your vacation dreams come true? Look no further than LeTourDeWorld! LeTourDeWorld is the premier travel agency that provides a variety of vacation packages to meet all of your needs. With a wide selection of tour packages to choose from, you’ll be sure to find the perfect fit. But why choose LeTourDeWorld over other travel agencies? In this blog post, we’ll discuss the five reasons why LeTourDeWorld is the best choice for your travel needs. We are one of the best tour and travel agency in Delhi.

#1. We offer exclusive services that you won't find anywhere else
At LeTourDeWorld, we understand that one size doesn't fit all when it comes to planning the perfect vacation. That's why we go out of our way to ensure each and every customer has a unique and unforgettable experience. We provide a comprehensive range of services, from organizing complex itineraries to taking care of every detail of your trip, so that you can just sit back and relax.

We have strong contacts in the industry, which enables us to negotiate exclusive deals that you won't find anywhere else. For example, we can book flights and accommodation at lower rates than other travel agents, as well as arrange private tours and experiences that can’t be found anywhere else.

Our commitment to customer service is second-to-none. We have experienced travel consultants who are available 24/7 to assist you with any queries or concerns you may have. We also provide detailed information about the destinations you're visiting, so you can be confident you'll get the most out of your holiday.

So, if you're looking for a travel agency in Delhi that offers exclusive services and unbeatable customer service, look no further than LeTourDeWorld.

#2. Our team is passionate about travel and will go above and beyond to make sure you have the trip of a lifetime
At LeTourDeWorld, we know how important it is to have a great vacation. That's why our team is dedicated to making your experience an unforgettable one. We are passionate about travel and strive to make each trip the perfect combination of relaxation, exploration, and adventure.

Our team consists of experienced travelers who understand the ins and outs of finding the best deals, the perfect accommodations, and the activities that you won't want to miss. Our team is always researching the latest trends in travel so we can provide you with unique experiences that you wouldn't be able to find on your own.

We are passionate about ensuring that every detail of your trip is taken care of so you can truly relax and enjoy yourself. We go above and beyond to create personalized itineraries that meet all of your needs, from budgeting to activities. We believe in providing an unforgettable experience that will last you a lifetime and help you make amazing memories.

When you book a tour package with LeTourDeWorld, you can rest assured that our passionate team will take care of everything from start to finish.

#3. We have a wide network of contacts and can get you access to places and experiences that you wouldn't be able to have on your own
At LeTourDeWorld, we understand that the most memorable travel experiences come from taking a journey off the beaten path. That's why we go the extra mile to source exclusive travel opportunities for our clients. Our team has developed relationships with reliable local contacts all over the world, allowing us to get you access to places and experiences you couldn't have on your own.

Whether you’re looking for an exclusive backstage tour of the world-famous Cirque du Soleil in Las Vegas or a private cooking class with renowned chef Jean-Christophe Novelli in London, we can make it happen.

We also understand that the best way to truly experience a place is to get to know the locals. Through our wide network of contacts, we can offer you authentic, once-in-a-lifetime cultural experiences, such as visiting traditional villages in India, learning how to make tortillas in Mexico, or exploring hidden waterfalls in Costa Rica.

No matter where you want to go and what you want to do, LeTourDeWorld can make it happen. Our unique combination of extensive contacts, extensive knowledge and experience of the world’s different cultures and destinations allows us to create unforgettable experiences for our clients.

#4. We're experienced in tailor-making itineraries to suit your individual needs and interests
At LeTourDeWorld, we understand that when it comes to planning a holiday, no two people are alike. Everyone has their own individual needs, interests and budget, which is why we take the time to tailor-make an itinerary to suit you.

Our experienced travel consultants will work with you to create an unforgettable experience. Whether you want a luxury trip or an off-the-beaten-track adventure, our team will use their expertise to build an itinerary that caters to your every need. We’ll also make sure that your holiday is as affordable as possible by taking into account the best available rates.

We understand that time is precious and there's nothing worse than feeling rushed while on vacation, which is why we pay special attention to ensuring that you get to experience all of the highlights of your destination without feeling rushed. We’ll plan a daily schedule that takes into account your individual interests and gives you plenty of time for relaxation and exploration.

At LeTourDeWorld, we believe that travel should be an enriching experience. That’s why we offer a personalized service that will help you get the most out of your holiday. From tailor-made itineraries to insider tips, our team will go above and beyond to ensure that your journey is unforgettable.

#5. We have a strong commitment to sustainable and responsible tourism, so you can be sure that your holiday will have a positive impact on the communities you visit
At LeTourDeWorld, we are passionate about responsible tourism and strive to make sure that our tours benefit the local communities we visit. We prioritize ethical practices such as protecting the environment, respecting the culture of the host country, and contributing to the local economy.

In order to ensure that our tours have a positive impact on the communities we visit, we seek out local guides and suppliers who are invested in the long-term welfare of the area. By working with these partners, we can ensure that our tourists’ visits contribute to the livelihoods of local people. Explore the nature in the most beautiful beaches of Kerala, we have organised best tour packages at reasonable rate you can check our Kerala packages from Delhi and lost in the beautiful state and explore their culture.

We also take active steps to reduce our environmental footprint. We use sustainable transportation and accommodations whenever possible, and we encourage our clients to take part in eco-friendly activities such as snorkeling and birdwatching.

At LeTourDeWorld, we believe that travel should be meaningful and educational. We strive to make sure that our tours are respectful to the cultures of the host countries and that they leave a positive legacy for generations to come. With us, you can be sure that your holiday will have a positive impact on the communities you visit.

The Advantages of Subscribing to National News Feeds

Internet has emerge as a necessity for the statistics-hungry humans. It is happening due to the fact human beings's mentality skilled a paradigm shift while the Internet had constructed its

The Advantages of Subscribing to National News Feeds

Internet has emerge as a necessity for the statistics-hungry humans. It is happening due to the fact human beings's mentality skilled a paradigm shift while the Internet had constructed its popularity over time. The fact that almost everybody wants to have a internet site jogging for monetary reasons is clear that they wanted to provide some thing which isn't already supplied. Or maybe, they may be providing some thing that's already being provided via a competitor but they desired to make it better. Fortunately, free information is among those that are offered and it includes guidelines and tricks, evaluations and National News.

The Internet had advanced a lot since the first day it has been delivered. Nowadays, human beings do not need to memorize the positive News Website to examine a few clean and trendy National News And Record Instead, they could need to virtually subscribe for the RSS Feeds and the information will really be added to their e mail inbox normal with out a hassle. This is mainly made feasible for the those who do now not need to visit the web site which gives the information more often.

Advantages of Subscribing to National News Feeds

Internet users can significantly benefit from subscribing to information feeds in so many methods. Here are some of the benefits;

#1. Get updates introduced to you mailbox

Forget about the vintage days in which you need to memorize the website online domain to go to and get updates from it. Nowadays, all websites offer subscription in order that you'll be able to receive emails which include news updates. There might be no hassle in your part; absolutely open your e mail inbox and it is there!

#2. Get updated with National News

Most news websites provide National News. Thus, whilst you subscribe for it, you turns into aware about what is occurring for your usa whether or no longer you're greatly tormented by it. National information is just so essential for all and sundry to have clean expertise approximately the applications of the government and what's occurring with the united states of america.

#three. Find out the cutting-edge affairs with other nations

One of the maximum essential belongings you must look into is how your usa is interacting with the rest of the sector. This is by hook or by crook useful for the folks who usually do a travel to other nations.

National News is a amusing to examine. Considering the reality that it gives almost the whole lot that is going on to a positive united states of america, you'll be capable of recognise every little info of a positive place without leaving the comfort of your own home. Well, other than the statistics you can get, you could revel in the era you're the usage of.